Pressure & Flow Reactors 
Of the numerous applications of high-pressure autoclaves, electrochemical corrosion testing at high temperature and high pressure is most favored using Amar make pressure reactors. These are custom-designed using corrosion coupon handles and coupon holders as per client requirements.
In this system, the autoclave is connected with a special high pressure pump which canrecirculate water/liquid continuously at very high velocity through the test spool & theautoclave connected in line with each other.
To manually charge different gases at desired pressures upto 140 bar / 2000 psi or higherinto the reactor from gas cylinder. Nitrogen, Oxygen & Hydrogen can be charged throughsame regulator (with special adaptor). The regulator is made from SS316 & comes with inlet -outlet pressure gauges & flexible SS braided Teflon PTFE high pressure hose pipe (4m long) with non return valve.
Gas boosters are useful when the cylinder pressures are much lower than the autoclave ratedpressures. In such case the booster takes gas at lower pressure from cylinder & compresses thesame to deliver at higher pressures. They are generally pneumatically operated. Special gasbooster pumps are available for liquid CO used in supercritical fluid extraction system. The 2booster systems are supplied with air filter regulator, pressure relief valves, inlet-outlet pressuregauges, valves & flexible hose pipe.
MFM can be used to measure accurate mass flow rate of gas (in gm/hr or LPH) & totalized quantity of mass / volume (in gms/ltr) charged in the autoclave at any point. Mass flow controller (MFC) is used to charge the set flow rate of gas into the autoclave at high pressures up to 100 bar or it can be used in pressure control mode to indicate the gas flow & total gas uptake to maintain desired set pressure inside the autoclave (ideal for hydrogenation). The same MFM / MFC can be used for multiple gases by just entering the conversion factor for different gas densities provided the gases are inert to each other. The MFM/MFC comes with high pressure flexible hose, inlet filter with digital gas flow indicator cum totalizer & additional pressure PID controller with pressure sensor if the MFC is used in pressure control mode. User has to specify the maximum flow rate range, pressure, gas & mode (flow control or pressure control) for ordering MFM/MFC.
These are used for higher & accurate gas or liquid flow rate indication or control in cases where thermal mass flow meters are not suitable. A common meter can be used for different gases & liquids for a particular range of flow.
It consists of SS316 pressure sensor (transmitter) & digital pressure indicator/ controller (mounted on common control panel) with pressure alarm & optionally heater cut off for safety. Digital pressure indicator has pressure reading in bar & psi, where as controller reads any one ofthe units. The controller is normally used with mass flow controllers (MFCs) or solenoid/flow control valves to maintain constant pressure inside the autoclave. With MFC, gas flow indicator & totalizer are also provided on the same panel. The pressure sensor has temperature limitation upto 100°C & hence the same is provided with water cooling jacket.
It is used to transfer liquids, slurries or gases in to the autoclave under pressure. It consists of high pressure SS-316 pot designed for working pressure 100 bar or higher with port for nitrogen gas (N ), liquid / slurry inlet with valve & funnel, outlet valve, pressure gauge, pressure safety 2 valve, high pressure hose & NRV. The liquid to be charged is fed into the pot from top funnel & pressurized with N gas until its pressure is higher than the autoclave pressure & then under 2pressure the liquid is charged into the autoclave. The quantity & rate of flow of liquid charged is not known precisely in this system. However a level indicator or sight glass or weighing balance or flow meter can be provided optionally to measure the liquid charged or its flow rate. Pots of different pressure, M.O.C. & sizes can be offered.
These pots can also be used for storage of gases when gas cylinders are located at a far away place. With this option approximate quantity or flow of gas consumed can also be determined by measuring the pressure drop.
Volume: 250 ml, ½ ltr, 1 ltr, 2 ltr, 5 ltr, 10 ltr
It consists of SS 316 (EO/PO) horizontal pot with inlet, outlet valves, gas inlet with dip tube, thermowell, pressure gauge & high pressure hose pipe for 10 bar working pressure.
It is used for ethoxylation / propoxylation.
Volume: 1 ltr, 2 ltr & 5 ltr
This system is used to charge liquid at a desired rate from as low as 1 ml/hr to 100 ltr/hr, when the autoclave is under pressurized condition. The system comes with a metering pump, flow indicator, controller, liquid sump, pressure gauge, strainer & high pressure hose.
Pressure safety valve, flow totalizer can be offered on request. Types of pumps offered are:
This system is useful to control temperature overshoots for highly exothermic / out of control / runaway reactions as well as for faster cooling upon completion of reaction.
The control panel of the autoclave gives 230V, 1Ø output to connect external auto-cooling system. Options available are:
It is a simple 10 ltr SS 304 tank with submersible pump to circulate water in the magnetic drive & pressure sensor jacket to prevent temperature rise beyond 80°C. It is useful if tap water connection is not near the autoclave & when water needs to be condensed.
It is used to heat jacketed autoclave from ambient to 150°C by circulating thermic fluid inside thejacket. It consist of bath, pump, level switch, heater & internal cooling coil for cooling from hightemperature to ambient temperature using chilled water or brine solution.It is suitable for reactors up to 5 liter volume.
Optional
It is used to heat jacketed autoclave from ambient to 350°C by circulating thermic fluid. Itconsist of a closed pressure withstanding tank, magnetically coupled pump, heater, levelindicator & internal cooling coil for cooling from high temperature to ambient temperatureusing chilled water or brine solution.
Suitable for reactors up to 100 ltr volume.
Optional
It is used to cool or control reactor temperature to -50°C by circulating thermic fluid cooled toup to -75°C inside the jacket or internal coil. It consists of a bath, pump, compressor, condenser& level switch.
Suitable for reactors up to 100 ltr volume
It is used to heat, cool & control reactor temperature by circulating thermic fluid in theautoclave jacket. It consists of a bath, pump, heater, compressor, condenser & level switch.
Temperature range: -25°C to 175°C.
Suitable for reactors up to 5 ltr volume
It is used to heat, cool & control reactor temperature by circulating thermic fluid in theautoclave jacket. It consists of a bath, pump, heater, compressor, condenser & level switch.
Temperature range: -35°C to 200°C / -80°C to 180°C.
Suitable for reactors up to 1000 ltr volume.
These valves can be connected at jacket inlet for controlling flow of steam/ hot oil/ water fortemperature control from PID or at the inlet or outlet of the autoclaves for control of pressure.
It is a jacketed single tube SS-316 heat exchanger with packing material inside used to reflux the condensate back into the reactor & vent off the uncondensed vapours. It is connected directly on the autoclave lid & works under full autoclave pressure. A receiver pot can be connected at the bottom of the reflux condenser with valve for reflux take off. It is available in 0.01, 0.02 or 0.05 m² area.
It is a SS-316 shell & tube reverse flow heat exchanger for distillation/condensing vent vapours from the autoclave upto 10 bar pressure. It is offered in different surface areas such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 & 2 m². The condensate can be collected separately in a receiver or optionally refluxed back into the reactor.
SS 316 receiver pot can be connected at the outlet of the shell & tube or reflux condensor to collect the condensate separately. It is also provided with a port to apply vacuum & offered in 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 ltr, 2 ltr & 5 ltr volumes. Higher volumes & other materials can be offered onspecial request. It can be optionally provided with level indication.
It is SS 316 regulator mounted on the vent line of the autoclave & is used for maintainingconstant pressure inside the autoclave upto 350 bar. The pressure is maintained by releasing theexcess pressure into the atmosphere or through a hose to safe area. The pressure can be setinitially on the gauge, by manually varying the knob until the gas comes out. Once the setpressure is exceeded the excess pressure is released until the autoclave pressure becomes equalto or below the set pressure. The pressure release is slow & gradual & the set pressure can bevaried at any point.
High pressure autoclaves are provided with built in safety rupture disc, however additionalsafety can be offered by providing pressure safety valve for which release pressure can be setmanually by increasing or decreasing the spring tension or by simply changing the spring. Theset pressure should normally be around the design pressure. Safety relief valves are standardsupply for glass autoclave & shaker hydrogentor where rupture discs are not available for lowpressures. These valves come with PTFE / Kalrez O-rings.
For autoclave volumes from 10 ltr to 250 ltr & removable head design, the head & vessel are tooheavy to lift manually. Hence chain pulley block mounted on same trolley with SS Stand can beoffered for lifting the head with minimum efforts.
SCADA is a supervisory control & data acquisition software with all controllers / indicatorshaving RS 485 modbus communication port or PLC & HMI / touch panel, for online display, setpoint changes & data logging of various parameters like pressure, temperature, motor RPM,motor current / torque, liquid / gas flow rate with totaliser, heater temperature, level, pH, ORP,turbidity, IR etc. remotely from PC as well as locally from panel. It gives continuous online datalogging at predefined (variable) time interval, online graphical representation as well ashistorical data & graphs on PC for single or multiple autoclaves. RS 485-232 convertor & cableupto 50 m or higher is also supplied.
Removable PTFE / Metal / Glass liners can be offered for autoclaves from 100 ml - 25 ltr. Theseliners can be used for reactions that are corrosive, to prevent the autoclave body from corrosion.PTFE & glass liners can be used upto 200°C & metal upto 500°C. The heat transfer is poor withPTFE & glass liners. Glass liners cannot be fabricated accurately. Hence, Amar recommends theuse of completely corrosion resistant metal autoclaves made from special alloys like Hastelloy,Inconel, Titanium etc. over glass/teflon liners. Liners should be used only if cost is the constraintor corrosive chemicals are to be used sparingly. Metal liners can be offered in Hastelloy C ,Inconel , Monel , Titanium etc.
It is provided to improve the efficiency of the catalysts & for holding the catalyst so that it willnot be destroyed or changed by the stirring action of impeller. The baskets are made from SS316wire mesh & connected to the stirrer so that they rotate with the stirrer. It is available for 450 ml-100 ltr autoclaves. The catalyst basket can be static which is stationary (CBS) or dynamic (CBD)which rotates with the impeller.
These are small 7 microns SS 316 sintered cup filters which are threaded to bottom of thesampling dip tube so that the catalyst does not come out while sampling liquid. It is very usefulwhen the catalyst is expensive or pyrophoric. These filters may reduce the rate/ flow of thesampling liquid due to the resistance offered by the fine mesh, hence they need regularcleaning to prevent choking. Filters are available for 500 ml - 100 ltr autoclaves.
It is used for one time catalyst charging under pressure during the reaction. It consists of a 3 ml to150 ml (depending on Autoclave size) small container with airtight cap, which is openable. Thepowder is filled in the container which is then threaded to the autoclave head from below to aseparate port with needle valve on the top. Under atmospheric & pressurized conditions thepowder remains inside the container as the cap remains closed.
One has to apply gas pressure greater than autoclave pressure from the needle valve on thatport so that the cap opens & releases the catalyst inside the autoclave under pressure.Depending on the optional accessories selected, the catalyst addition device may not bepossible due to space constraint on the head. Available for autoclave sizes 100 ml - 100 ltr & upto250°C.
It consists of vertical SS sintered filter cartridges in a SS housing. After the batch is over thereactor liquid is transferred to the catalyst filter under reactor/nitrogen pressure. After filtrationis over, catalyst is taken back in to the reactor by back washing, thus recycling the same & makingit available for the next batch. Thus catalyst is never exposed to atmosphere & is reused.Generally this system is suitable & available for 2 ltr to 2000 ltr reactor volume. These filters areavailable with zero hold-up volume.
It is a pressure reactor with magnetic drive stirring, inlet & outlet valves, pressure gauge &nitrogen/vent. Solvent & catalyst are charged in the vessel & the slurry formed by mixing istransferred under nitrogen pressure into the reactor. The pressure rating & volume of thissystem is designed depending on the quantity of catalyst, pressure & temperature rating of theautoclave. Specially designed control system developed by Amar can be offered to charge thecatalyst slurry in continuous mode at a pre-defined flow rate under pressure. This is very usefulfor CSTR, where no suitable pumps are available for slurry. This system is available for anyreactor volume, pressures upto 350 bar & for a wide range materials.
It is used to collect the vent vapours / gases from the autoclave vent / rupture disc /safety valve port, when the vapour / gas is highly hazardous & cannot be releaseddirectly into the atmosphere. It is a pressure vessel, designed depending on volume ofautoclave & its design pressure. It is provided with inlet, outlet, vent, dip tubes, pressuregauge, safety valve & optionally a flame / flash back arrester. It is normally filled withwater. The gases / vapours collected are safely released through the flame / flash backarrester to avoid any hazard. It is suitable & available for any autoclave volume.
Suitable rotary vane or diaphragm oil fee vacuum pumps can be supplied for vacuumfrom 100 mbar upto 0.001 mbar in the reactor. It is used either before starting the batchor for high vacuum distillation. Suitable analogue or digital vacuum indicator withcontroller can be offered on request. The reactor fittings would change for very highvacuum & this may limit its pressure rating
These are quartz / sapphire view glass windows / light & sight glass of small diameter oralong the length of the vessel with special cameras & software for continuous onlineviewing / recording in jacketed vessels to see the reaction. Suitable for high pressuresupto 200 bar & any autoclave / reactor volume.
Level transmitter (LT) / switch (LS) with indicator to measure or maintain level inside thereactor under high pressure. Used mainly in CSTR.
Sampling pot with condenser for cooling / condensing & collecting the sample taken at highpressure & temperature
Torque sensor for accurate measurement of the motor torque, where change in torqueindicates change in viscosity of the reaction.
High pressure ultrasound transducer for high frequency mixing.
Ex-proof certified gas purge panels for electrical accessories / utilities like heating coolingcirculators etc.
Note: All accessories may not be applicable for above models.
To manually charge different gases at desired pressures upto 140 bar / 2000 psi or higherinto the reactor from gas cylinder. Nitrogen, Oxygen & Hydrogen can be charged throughsame regulator (with special adaptor). The regulator is made from SS316 & comes with inlet -outlet pressure gauges & flexible SS braided Teflon PTFE high pressure hose pipe (4m long) with non return valve.
MFM can be used to measure accurate mass flow rate of gas (in gm/hr or LPH) & totalized quantity of mass / volume (in gms/ltr) charged in the autoclave at any point. Mass flow controller (MFC) is used to charge the set flow rate of gas into the autoclave at high pressures up to 100 bar or it can be used in pressure control mode to indicate the gas flow & total gas uptake to maintain desired set pressure inside the autoclave (ideal for hydrogenation). The same MFM / MFC can be used for multiple gases by just entering the conversion factor for different gas densities provided the gases are inert to each other. The MFM/MFC comes with high pressure flexible hose, inlet filter with digital gas flow indicator cum totalizer & additional pressure PID controller with pressure sensor if the MFC is used in pressure control mode. User has to specify the maximum flow rate range, pressure, gas & mode (flow control or pressure control) for ordering MFM/MFC.
These are used for higher & accurate gas or liquid flow rate indication or control in cases where thermal mass flow meters are not suitable. A common meter can be used for different gases & liquids for a particular range of flow.
It consists of SS316 pressure sensor (transmitter) & digital pressure indicator/ controller (mounted on common control panel) with pressure alarm & optionally heater cut off for safety. Digital pressure indicator has pressure reading in bar & psi, where as controller reads any one ofthe units. The controller is normally used with mass flow controllers (MFCs) or solenoid/flow control valves to maintain constant pressure inside the autoclave. With MFC, gas flow indicator & totalizer are also provided on the same panel. The pressure sensor has temperature limitation upto 100°C & hence the same is provided with water cooling jacket.
It is used to transfer liquids, slurries or gases in to the autoclave under pressure. It consists of high pressure SS-316 pot designed for working pressure 100 bar or higher with port for nitrogen gas (N ), liquid / slurry inlet with valve & funnel, outlet valve, pressure gauge, pressure safety 2 valve, high pressure hose & NRV. The liquid to be charged is fed into the pot from top funnel & pressurized with N gas until its pressure is higher than the autoclave pressure & then under 2pressure the liquid is charged into the autoclave. The quantity & rate of flow of liquid charged is not known precisely in this system. However a level indicator or sight glass or weighing balance or flow meter can be provided optionally to measure the liquid charged or its flow rate. Pots of different pressure, M.O.C. & sizes can be offered.
These pots can also be used for storage of gases when gas cylinders are located at a far away place. With this option approximate quantity or flow of gas consumed can also be determined by measuring the pressure drop.
Volume: 250 ml, ½ ltr, 1 ltr, 2 ltr, 5 ltr, 10 ltr
It consists of SS 316 (EO/PO) horizontal pot with inlet, outlet valves, gas inlet with dip tube, thermowell, pressure gauge & high pressure hose pipe for 10 bar working pressure.
It is used for ethoxylation / propoxylation.
Volume: 1 ltr, 2 ltr & 5 ltr
This system is used to charge liquid at a desired rate from as low as 1 ml/hr to 100 ltr/hr, when the autoclave is under pressurized condition. The system comes with a metering pump, flow indicator, controller, liquid sump, pressure gauge, strainer & high pressure hose.
Pressure safety valve, flow totalizer can be offered on request. Types of pumps offered are:
This system is useful to control temperature overshoots for highly exothermic / out of control / runaway reactions as well as for faster cooling upon completion of reaction.
The control panel of the autoclave gives 230V, 1Ø output to connect external auto-cooling system. Options available are:
It is a simple 10 ltr SS 304 tank with submersible pump to circulate water in the magnetic drive & pressure sensor jacket to prevent temperature rise beyond 80°C. It is useful if tap water connection is not near the autoclave & when water needs to be condensed.
It is used to heat jacketed autoclave from ambient to 150°C by circulating thermic fluid inside thejacket. It consist of bath, pump, level switch, heater & internal cooling coil for cooling from hightemperature to ambient temperature using chilled water or brine solution.It is suitable for reactors up to 5 liter volume.
Optional
It is used to heat jacketed autoclave from ambient to 350°C by circulating thermic fluid. Itconsist of a closed pressure withstanding tank, magnetically coupled pump, heater, levelindicator & internal cooling coil for cooling from high temperature to ambient temperatureusing chilled water or brine solution.
Suitable for reactors up to 100 ltr volume.
Optional
It is used to cool or control reactor temperature to -50°C by circulating thermic fluid cooled toup to -75°C inside the jacket or internal coil. It consists of a bath, pump, compressor, condenser& level switch.
Suitable for reactors up to 100 ltr volume
It is used to heat, cool & control reactor temperature by circulating thermic fluid in theautoclave jacket. It consists of a bath, pump, heater, compressor, condenser & level switch.
Temperature range: -25°C to 175°C.
Suitable for reactors up to 5 ltr volume
It is used to heat, cool & control reactor temperature by circulating thermic fluid in theautoclave jacket. It consists of a bath, pump, heater, compressor, condenser & level switch.
Temperature range: -35°C to 200°C / -80°C to 180°C.
Suitable for reactors up to 1000 ltr volume.
These valves can be connected at jacket inlet for controlling flow of steam/ hot oil/ water fortemperature control from PID or at the inlet or outlet of the autoclaves for control of pressure.
It is a jacketed single tube SS-316 heat exchanger with packing material inside used to reflux the condensate back into the reactor & vent off the uncondensed vapours. It is connected directly on the autoclave lid & works under full autoclave pressure. A receiver pot can be connected at the bottom of the reflux condenser with valve for reflux take off. It is available in 0.01, 0.02 or 0.05 m² area.
It is a SS-316 shell & tube reverse flow heat exchanger for distillation/condensing vent vapours from the autoclave upto 10 bar pressure. It is offered in different surface areas such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 & 2 m². The condensate can be collected separately in a receiver or optionally refluxed back into the reactor.
SS 316 receiver pot can be connected at the outlet of the shell & tube or reflux condensor to collect the condensate separately. It is also provided with a port to apply vacuum & offered in 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 ltr, 2 ltr & 5 ltr volumes. Higher volumes & other materials can be offered onspecial request. It can be optionally provided with level indication.
It is SS 316 regulator mounted on the vent line of the autoclave & is used for maintainingconstant pressure inside the autoclave upto 350 bar. The pressure is maintained by releasing theexcess pressure into the atmosphere or through a hose to safe area. The pressure can be setinitially on the gauge, by manually varying the knob until the gas comes out. Once the setpressure is exceeded the excess pressure is released until the autoclave pressure becomes equalto or below the set pressure. The pressure release is slow & gradual & the set pressure can bevaried at any point.
High pressure autoclaves are provided with built in safety rupture disc, however additionalsafety can be offered by providing pressure safety valve for which release pressure can be setmanually by increasing or decreasing the spring tension or by simply changing the spring. Theset pressure should normally be around the design pressure. Safety relief valves are standardsupply for glass autoclave & shaker hydrogentor where rupture discs are not available for lowpressures. These valves come with PTFE / Kalrez O-rings.
For autoclave volumes from 10 ltr to 250 ltr & removable head design, the head & vessel are tooheavy to lift manually. Hence chain pulley block mounted on same trolley with SS Stand can beoffered for lifting the head with minimum efforts.
SCADA is a supervisory control & data acquisition software with all controllers / indicatorshaving RS 485 modbus communication port or PLC & HMI / touch panel, for online display, setpoint changes & data logging of various parameters like pressure, temperature, motor RPM,motor current / torque, liquid / gas flow rate with totaliser, heater temperature, level, pH, ORP,turbidity, IR etc. remotely from PC as well as locally from panel. It gives continuous online datalogging at predefined (variable) time interval, online graphical representation as well ashistorical data & graphs on PC for single or multiple autoclaves. RS 485-232 convertor & cableupto 50 m or higher is also supplied.
Removable PTFE / Metal / Glass liners can be offered for autoclaves from 100 ml - 25 ltr. Theseliners can be used for reactions that are corrosive, to prevent the autoclave body from corrosion.PTFE & glass liners can be used upto 200°C & metal upto 500°C. The heat transfer is poor withPTFE & glass liners. Glass liners cannot be fabricated accurately. Hence, Amar recommends theuse of completely corrosion resistant metal autoclaves made from special alloys like Hastelloy,Inconel, Titanium etc. over glass/teflon liners. Liners should be used only if cost is the constraintor corrosive chemicals are to be used sparingly. Metal liners can be offered in Hastelloy C ,Inconel , Monel , Titanium etc.
It is provided to improve the efficiency of the catalysts & for holding the catalyst so that it willnot be destroyed or changed by the stirring action of impeller. The baskets are made from SS316wire mesh & connected to the stirrer so that they rotate with the stirrer. It is available for 450 ml-100 ltr autoclaves. The catalyst basket can be static which is stationary (CBS) or dynamic (CBD)which rotates with the impeller.
These are small 7 microns SS 316 sintered cup filters which are threaded to bottom of thesampling dip tube so that the catalyst does not come out while sampling liquid. It is very usefulwhen the catalyst is expensive or pyrophoric. These filters may reduce the rate/ flow of thesampling liquid due to the resistance offered by the fine mesh, hence they need regularcleaning to prevent choking. Filters are available for 500 ml - 100 ltr autoclaves.
It is used for one time catalyst charging under pressure during the reaction. It consists of a 3 ml to150 ml (depending on Autoclave size) small container with airtight cap, which is openable. Thepowder is filled in the container which is then threaded to the autoclave head from below to aseparate port with needle valve on the top. Under atmospheric & pressurized conditions thepowder remains inside the container as the cap remains closed.
One has to apply gas pressure greater than autoclave pressure from the needle valve on thatport so that the cap opens & releases the catalyst inside the autoclave under pressure.Depending on the optional accessories selected, the catalyst addition device may not bepossible due to space constraint on the head. Available for autoclave sizes 100 ml - 100 ltr & upto250°C.
It consists of vertical SS sintered filter cartridges in a SS housing. After the batch is over thereactor liquid is transferred to the catalyst filter under reactor/nitrogen pressure. After filtrationis over, catalyst is taken back in to the reactor by back washing, thus recycling the same & makingit available for the next batch. Thus catalyst is never exposed to atmosphere & is reused.Generally this system is suitable & available for 2 ltr to 2000 ltr reactor volume. These filters areavailable with zero hold-up volume.
It is a pressure reactor with magnetic drive stirring, inlet & outlet valves, pressure gauge &nitrogen/vent. Solvent & catalyst are charged in the vessel & the slurry formed by mixing istransferred under nitrogen pressure into the reactor. The pressure rating & volume of thissystem is designed depending on the quantity of catalyst, pressure & temperature rating of theautoclave. Specially designed control system developed by Amar can be offered to charge thecatalyst slurry in continuous mode at a pre-defined flow rate under pressure. This is very usefulfor CSTR, where no suitable pumps are available for slurry. This system is available for anyreactor volume, pressures upto 350 bar & for a wide range materials.
It is used to collect the vent vapours / gases from the autoclave vent / rupture disc /safety valve port, when the vapour / gas is highly hazardous & cannot be releaseddirectly into the atmosphere. It is a pressure vessel, designed depending on volume ofautoclave & its design pressure. It is provided with inlet, outlet, vent, dip tubes, pressuregauge, safety valve & optionally a flame / flash back arrester. It is normally filled withwater. The gases / vapours collected are safely released through the flame / flash backarrester to avoid any hazard. It is suitable & available for any autoclave volume.
Suitable rotary vane or diaphragm oil fee vacuum pumps can be supplied for vacuumfrom 100 mbar upto 0.001 mbar in the reactor. It is used either before starting the batchor for high vacuum distillation. Suitable analogue or digital vacuum indicator withcontroller can be offered on request. The reactor fittings would change for very highvacuum & this may limit its pressure rating
These are quartz / sapphire view glass windows / light & sight glass of small diameter oralong the length of the vessel with special cameras & software for continuous onlineviewing / recording in jacketed vessels to see the reaction. Suitable for high pressuresupto 200 bar & any autoclave / reactor volume.
Level transmitter (LT) / switch (LS) with indicator to measure or maintain level inside thereactor under high pressure. Used mainly in CSTR.
Sampling pot with condenser for cooling / condensing & collecting the sample taken at highpressure & temperature
Torque sensor for accurate measurement of the motor torque, where change in torqueindicates change in viscosity of the reaction.
High pressure ultrasound transducer for high frequency mixing.
Ex-proof certified gas purge panels for electrical accessories / utilities like heating coolingcirculators etc.
Note: All accessories may not be applicable for above models.